The Software Testing Life Cycle (STLC) is a set of activities and processes used to validate a software system against its functional requirements and specifications. In the context of functional testing, the STLC encompasses the different phases through which software products go to ensure that they meet the desired functional objectives.

1. Requirement Analysis

In this phase, the functional requirements of the software system are analyzed and understood. The testing team collaborates with stakeholders, such as business analysts and developers, to gather and document the requirements accurately. This helps in creating effective test scenarios and test cases for functional testing.

2. Test Planning

Test planning involves defining the scope, objectives, and test strategies for functional testing. Test plans are created that outline the test environment, test resources, and schedule. This phase also includes identifying the risks associated with functional testing and devising mitigation plans to handle them effectively.

3. Test Case Design

In this phase, individual test cases are designed. Each test case specifies a set of inputs, execution conditions, and expected outputs. The test cases are designed to cover different functional aspects of the software system and ensure that all the requirements are thoroughly tested. Test data is also identified and created to support functional testing.

4. Test Environment Setup

The test environment is set up to mimic the production environment. This includes installing and configuring the necessary hardware, software, and networking components required for functional testing. The test environment should closely resemble the actual production environment to ensure accurate test results.

5. Test Execution

In this phase, the designed test cases are executed on the software system. The test results are recorded and analyzed to identify any deviations from the expected behavior. Defects or issues encountered during testing are reported and tracked to closure. Test execution may involve manual testing or automated testing, depending on the complexity and scope of the software system.

6. Defect Tracking and Reporting

During the test execution phase, any defects or issues identified are logged into a defect tracking system. The defects are categorized based on their severity and prioritized for resolution. Regular defect status reports are prepared to provide stakeholders with the current state of the software system and its functional issues.

7. Test Closure

In the test closure phase, the testing team evaluates the overall effectiveness of the functional testing efforts. This includes reviewing the test coverage, test results, and the testing process itself. Test closure activities also involve gathering lessons learned and identifying areas for improvement in future testing projects.

Conclusion

Functional testing is a critical aspect of software development and ensures that the software system meets the specified functional requirements. The Software Testing Life Cycle provides a structured approach to conduct functional testing, starting from requirement analysis to test closure. By following this cycle, organizations can ensure the quality and reliability of their software products.